Scholar Support - Tuesday Tutor Newsletter - Understanding Case Study Research


Scholar Support - Tuesday Tutor Newsletter

Case study research is one of the most widely used qualitative research methodologies across education, social sciences, health sciences, business, museum studies, and curatorial research. It allows researchers to explore complex phenomena within real-world contexts and generate rich, detailed understandings that might not emerge through surveys or experimental methods alone.

For doctoral students and emerging scholars, understanding the different types of case studies and how to structure a case study dissertation chapter is essential for producing rigorous and impactful research.

This week's Scholar Support Tuesday Tutor Newsletter provides practical, evidence-based guidance for developing effective surveys that produce valid, reliable, and meaningful quantitative data.


Why Use a Case Study?

A case study is an in-depth exploration of a bounded system, such as an individual, group, organization, program, event, institution, community, or process (Creswell & Poth, 2018; Yin, 2018).

Researchers use case studies when they seek to answer:

  • How questions
  • Why questions
  • Process-oriented questions
  • Context-dependent questions
  • Questions involving contemporary phenomena

Types of Case Studies

Understanding the major case study types will help researchers select the most appropriate design for their research questions.

1. Intrinsic Case Study

An intrinsic case study is conducted because the researcher has a genuine interest in a particular case itself rather than in developing broad theory (Stake, 1995).

Characteristics

  • Focuses on uniqueness
  • Emphasizes deep understanding of a specific case
  • Limited concern for generalization

Example

Studying a museum internationally recognized for innovative accessibility programming for blind visitors.

Best Used When

  • The case is rare, unique, or significant.
  • Understanding the individual case is the primary goal.

2. Instrumental Case Study

An instrumental case study examines a case to understand a broader issue, concept, or phenomenon (Stake, 1995).

Characteristics

  • Case serves as a tool for understanding larger issues
  • Focus extends beyond the individual case

Example

Examining one museum's accessibility practices to understand broader principles of inclusive curation.

Best Used When

  • The researcher seeks insight into theory or practice.
  • The case illustrates a larger problem.

3. Collective (Multiple) Case Study

Also known as a multiple-case study, this design investigates several cases simultaneously or sequentially to understand common patterns (Stake, 1995).

Characteristics

  • Includes multiple sites or participants
  • Allows cross-case comparisons
  • Generates stronger analytical conclusions

Example

Comparing accessibility initiatives across three art museums serving visitors with visual impairments.

Best Used When

  • Researchers want to identify similarities and differences.
  • Transferability of findings is important.

4. Exploratory Case Study

Exploratory case studies investigate an issue before a larger project or theory-development effort (Yin, 2018).

Characteristics

  • Preliminary investigation
  • Identifies variables and research directions
  • Helps refine future studies

Example

Exploring emerging accessibility technologies used in museums before conducting a larger national study.

Best Used When

  • Little information exists.
  • Researchers are defining future research questions.

5. Descriptive Case Study

Descriptive case studies provide a detailed account of a phenomenon within its natural setting (Yin, 2018).

Characteristics

  • Rich descriptions
  • Strong contextual detail
  • Emphasis on what is occurring

Example

Documenting how a museum developed an accessible exhibition from planning through implementation.

Best Used When

  • Researchers want detailed descriptions of practice.

6. Explanatory Case Study

Explanatory case studies seek to explain why events occurred or how specific outcomes emerged (Yin, 2018).

Characteristics

  • Cause-and-effect focus
  • Process-oriented analysis
  • Theory testing

Example

Investigating why certain accessibility initiatives succeeded while others failed.

Best Used When

  • Researchers want to explain relationships among factors.

Which Case Study Type Is Best for Dissertation Research?

The collective instrumental case study is often the strongest dissertation design because it:

  • Examines multiple case contexts (no more than three)
  • Allows comparison of approaches across cases
  • Contributes to broader more trustworthy knowledge
  • Strengthens transferability of findings

Creating a Case Study Dissertation Chapter Plan

The following structure aligns with common doctoral dissertation expectations.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Purpose

Introduce the problem and establish the significance of the study.

Include

  • Background of the problem
  • Problem statement
  • Purpose statement
  • Research questions
  • Significance of the study
  • Definitions of key terms
  • Delimitations and limitations

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Purpose

Establish the scholarly foundation of the study.

Include

  • Historical context
  • Theoretical framework
  • Conceptual framework
  • Related Concept/Variable literature
  • Existing case study research

End With

Identification of literature gaps your study addresses.


Chapter 3: Methodology

Purpose

Explain how the research will be conducted.

Suggested Sections

Research Design

  • Qualitative case study
  • Single or multiple case design

Research Questions

Site Selection

Participant Selection

Data Collection (One or more)

  • Interviews
  • Observations
  • Document analysis
  • Artifact review

Data Analysis

Trustworthiness

  • Credibility
  • Transferability
  • Dependability
  • Confirmability

Ethical Considerations


Chapter 4: Findings

Purpose

Present results without extensive interpretation.

Suggested Organization

Case Description

Theme 1

Supporting evidence (Any that apply) :

  • Participant quotations
  • Observations
  • Documents

Theme 2

Supporting evidence

Theme 3

Supporting evidence

Cross-Case Analysis by Themes (for multiple case studies)


Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Purpose

Interpret findings and connect them to the literature.

Suggested Sections

Summary of Findings

Interpretation

Relationship to Existing Research

Contributions to the Field

Recommendations for Practice

Recommendations for Future Research

Conclusion


Recommended Scholarly Readings

Foundational Case Study Texts

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018).Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.

Why read it?

  • Excellent overview of qualitative methodologies.
  • Clear explanation of case study research design.

Yin, R. K. (2018).

Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage.

Why read it?

  • Considered the gold-standard methodological text for case study research.
  • Strong guidance on research design and analysis.

Stake, R. E. (1995).

The art of case study research. Sage.

Why read it?

  • Introduced intrinsic, instrumental, and collective case studies.
  • Emphasizes interpretive approaches.

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016).

Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Why read it?

  • Practical guidance for dissertation researchers.
  • Helpful examples of qualitative data analysis.

Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008).

Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559.

Why read it?

  • Accessible introduction to conducting case studies.
  • Ideal for doctoral students beginning proposal development.

Dr. Davette's Tuesday Tutor Takeaway

A strong case study dissertation begins with selecting the appropriate case study type, aligning it with the research problem, and developing a chapter plan that clearly connects research questions, methodology, findings, and implications. For scholars investigating accessibility, inclusion, and curatorial practice, case study research offers a powerful framework for examining real-world experiences and generating meaningful change.


References

Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.

Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage.


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